Selected Publications

Topics:

Sensing

Phenomenology

(Publications available upon request.)

Detection

Ta-Hsuan Ong, Ted Mendum, Geoff Geurtsen, Jude Kelley, Alla Ostrinskaya, and Roderick Kunz, Use of Mass Spectrometric Vapor Analysis to Improve Canine Explosive Detection Efficiency, Analytical Chemistry, 89, pp. 6482−6490, June 2017.

R. M. Sullenberger, S. M. Redmond, D. Crompton, A. M. Stolyarov, and W. D. Herzog, Spatially-resolved individual particle spectroscopy using photothermal modulation of Mie scattering, Optics Letters, Vol. 42, No.2, pp. 203-206, January 2017.

Matthew E. Staymates, William A. MacCrehan, Jessica L. Staymates, Roderick R. Kunz, Thomas Mendum, Ta-Hsuan Ong, Geoffrey Geurtsen, Greg J. Gillen & Brent A. Craven, Biomimetic Sniffing Improves the Detection Performance of a 3D Printed Nose of a Dog and a Commercial Trace Vapor Detector, Scientific Reports, 6:36876 | DOI: 10.1038/srep36876, December 2016.

Alla Ostrinskaya, Jude A. Kelley and Roderick R. Kunz, Characterization of nitrated sugar alcohols by atmospheric pressure chemical-ionization mass spectrometry, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 31, pp. 333–343, November 2016.

R. L. Aggarwal, L. W. Farrar, S. Di Cecca, and T. H. Jeys, Raman spectra and cross sections of ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, phosgene, and sulfur dioxide toxic gases in the fingerprint region 400-1400 cm-1, AIP Advances 6, 025310, 2016.

Jude A. Kelley, Alla Ostrinskaya, Geoff Geurtsen, and Roderick R. Kunz, Reagent approaches for improved detection of chlorate and perchlorate salts via thermal desorption and ionization, Rapid Communications Mass Spectrometry 30, pp. 191-198, 2016.

Alexander M. Stolyarov, Ryan M. Sullenberger, David R. Crompton, Thomas H. Jeys, Brian G. Saar, and William D. Herzog, Photothermal speckle modulation for noncontact materials characterization, Optical Letters, Vol. 40, No. 24, pp. 5786-5789, 2015.

Vladimir Liberman, Kimberly Hamad-Schifferli, Todd A. Thorsen, Scott T. Wick and Peter A. Carr, In situ microfluidic SERS assay for monitoring enzymatic breakdown of organophosphates, Nanoscale 7, 11013-11023, 2015.

R. L. Aggarwal, S. Di Cecca, L. W. Farrar, A. Shabshelowitz, and T. H. Jeys, Sensitive Detection and Identification of Isovanillin Aerosol Particles at the pg/cm3 Mass Concentration Level Using Raman Spectroscopy, Aerosol Science and Technology 49, 753–756, 2015.

C. Wynn, S. Palmacci, M.L. Clark, and R.R. Kunz, High-Sensitivity Detection of Trace Gases Using Dynamic Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, Optical Engineering, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 021103 - 021103-5, February 2014.

R. M. Sullenberger, M. L. Clark, R. R. Kunz, A. C. Samuels, D. K. Emge, M.W. Ellzy, and C. M. Wynn, Trace aerosol detection and identification by dynamic photoacoustic spectroscopy, Optics Express, vol. 22, issue S7, pp. A1810-A1817, 2014.

R. L. Aggarwal, S. Di Cecca, L. W. Farrar and T. H. Jeys, Chemical aerosol detection and identification using Raman scattering, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy  45, 677–679, 2014.

K.E. Gregory, A. Ostrinskaya, and R.R. Kunz, Reagent Assessment for Detection of Ammonium Ion-Molecule Complexes, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, vol. 27, issue 24, pp. 2797-2806, December 2013.

R.L. Aggarwal, L.W. Farrar, N.G. Greeneltch, R.P. VanDuyne, and D.L. Polla, Measurement of the Surface-Enhanced Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (SECARS) due to the 1574 cm-1 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Mode of Benzenethiol Using Low-power (<20 mW) CW Diode Lasers, Applied Spectroscopy, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 132-135, 2013.

C.M. Wynn, S. Palmacci, M.L. Clark, and R.R. Kunz, Dynamic Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for Trace Gas Detection, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 101, pp. 184103 - 184103-4, 2012.

R.L. Aggarwal, L.W. Farrar, J. Parkhill, A. Aspuru-Guzik, and D.L. Polla, Measurement of the Third-order Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility Χ(3) for the 1002-cm-1 Mode of Benzenethiol Using Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering with Continuous-wave Diode Lasers, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy vol. 43, pp. 911–916, November 2011.

C.M. Wynn, S. Palmacci, R.R. Kunz, and M. Rothschild, Noncontact Optical Detection of Explosive Particles via Photodissociation Followed by Laser-Induced Fluorescence, Optics Express, vol. 19, pp. 18671-18677, 2011.

M. Switkes, B.L. Ervin, R.P. Kingsborough, M. Rothschild, and M. Sworin, Retroreflectors for Remote Readout of Colorimetric Sensors, Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical, vol. 160, issue 1, pp. 1244-1249, December 2011.

R.L. Aggarwal, L.W. Farrar, and D.L. Polla, Measurement of the Absolute Raman Scattering Cross Sections of Sulfur and the Standoff Raman Detection of a 6-mm-thick Sulfur Specimen at 1500 m, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, vol. 42, issue 3, pp. 461-464, 2011.

C. Wynn, S. Palmacci, R. Kunz, and M. Rothschild, Noncontact Detection of Homemade Explosive Constituents Via Photodissociation Followed by Laser-Induced Fluorescence, Optics Express, vol. 18, issue 6, pp. 5399-5406, 2010.

R.R. Kunz, K.E. Gregory, D.E. Hardy et al., Measurement of Trace Explosive Residues in a Surrogate Operational Environment: Implications for Tactical Use of Chemical Sensing in C-IED Operations, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 395(2), pp. 357-369, 2009.

C. Wynn, S. Palmacci, R. Kunz, K. Clow, and M. Rothschild, Detection of Condensed-Phase Explosives Via Laser-Induced Vaporization, Photodissociation, and Resonant Excitation, Applied Optics, 47(31), pp. 5767-5776, 2008.

C.M. Wynn, S.T. Palmacci, R.R. Kunz, and M. Rothschild, A Novel Method For Remotely Detecting Trace Explosives, MIT Lincoln Laboratory Journal, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 27-40, 2008.

C. Wynn, S. Palmacci, R. Kunz, J. Zayhowski, B. Edwards, and M. Rothschild, Experimental Demonstration of Remote Optical Detection of Trace Explosives, Proceedings of SPIE 6954, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives (CBRNE) Sensing IX, p. 695407, 2008.

T.H. Jeys, W.D. Herzog, J.D. Hybl, R.N. Czerwinski, and A. Sanchez, Advanced Trigger Development, MIT Lincoln Laboratory Journal, vol. 17, no. 29, 2007.

W.D. Herzog, S.M. Tysk, D.W. Tardiff, G.G. Cappiello, J.M. Jong, T.H. Jeys, R.H. Hoffeld, A. Sanchez, and V. Daneu, Measurement of Aerosol-particle Trajectories Using a Structured LaserBeam, Applied Optics, vol. 46, pp. 3150-3155, 2007.

J. Hybl, S. Tysk, S. Berry, and M. Jordan, Laser-Induced Fluorescence-Cued, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Biological-Agent Detection, Applied Optics, vol. 45, pp. 8806-8814, 2006.

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Advanced Materials and Microfabrication

Yifei Zhang, Junying Li, Jeffrey B. Chou, Zhuoran Fang, Anupama Yadav, Hongtao Lin, Qingyang Du, Jerome Michon, Zhaohong Han, Yizhong Huang, Hanyu Zheng,Tian Gu, Vladimir Liberman, Kathleen Richardson, Juejun Hu, Broadband Transparent Optical Phase Change Materials, in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, OSA Technical Digest, DOI: Optical Society of America, 2017, paper JTh5C.4.

Robert Haupt, Vladimir Liberman, and Mordechai Rothschild, Seismic Barrier Protection of Critical Infrastructure, IEEE, 78-1-5090-6356-7/17, 2017.

Jeffrey Chou, Lalitha Parameswaran, Brian Kimball, and Mordechai Rothschild, Electrically switchable diffractive waveplates with metasurface aligned liquid crystals, Optics Express, vol. 24, no. 21, October 2016.

Michael Lis, Maxwell Plaut, Andrew Zai, David Cipolle, John Russo, and Theodore Fedynyshyn, High Performance, 3D-Printable Dielectric Nanocomposites for Millimeter Wave Devices, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 8, pp. 34019−34026, 2016.

Michael Lis, Maxwell Plaut, Andrew Zai, David Cipolle, John Russo, Jennifer Lewis, and Theodore Fedynyshyn, Polymer Dielectrics for 3D-Printed RF Devices in the Ka Band, Advanced Materials Technologies, DOI: 10.1002/admt.201600027, December 2016.

Samad Jafar-Zanjani, Jierong Cheng, Vladimir Liberman, Jeffrey B. Chou, and Hossein Mosallaei, Large enhancement of third-order nonlinear effects with a resonant all-dielectric metasurface, AIP Advances 6, 115213, November 2016.

Vladimir Liberman, Kenneth Diest, Corey W. Stull, Matthew T. Cook, Donna M. Lennon, Mordechai Rothschild, and Stefan Schoeche, Wafer-scale Aluminum Nanoplasmonic Resonators with Optimized Metal Deposition, ACS Photonics, pp. 796-805, 2016.

Michael Lis, Maxwell Plaut, Andrew Zai, David Cipolle, John Russo, Jennifer Lewis, and Theodore Fedynyshyn, Polymer Dielectrics for 3D-Printed RF Devices in the Ka Band, Advanced Materials Technologies, 3, pp. 796-805, 2016.

Vladimir Liberman, Kimberly Hamad-Schifferli, Todd A. Thorsen, Scott T. Wick and Peter A. Carr, In situ microfluidic SERS assay for monitoring enzymatic breakdown of organophosphates, Nanoscale 7, pp. 11013-11023, 2015.

Kenneth W. Allen, Navid Farahi, Yangcheng Li, Nicholaos I. Limberopoulos, Dennis E. Walker Jr, Augustine M. Urbas, Vladimir Liberman, and Vasily N. Astratov, Super-resolution microscopy by movable thin-films with embedded microspheres: resolution analysis, Annalen der Physik (Berlin) 527, No. 7–8, pp. 513–522, 2015.

T. Tumkur, Y. Barnakov, S. T. Kee, M. A. Noginov and V. Liberman, Permittivity evaluation of multilayered hyperbolic metamaterials: ellipsometry vs. reflectometry, Journal of Applied Physics 117, 103104, 2015.

Kenneth Diest, Russell Goodman, and Mordechai Rothschild, Nanochannel fabrication based on double patterning with hydrogen silsesquioxane, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 33, 020601; doi: 10.1116/1.4906486., 2015.

C.J. Brennan, C.M. Neumann, S.A. Vitale, Comparison of Gate Dielectric Plasma Damage from Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposited and Magnetron Sputtered TiN Metal Gates, Journal of Applied Physics 118, 045307, 2015.

V. Liberman, M. Sworin, R.P. Kingsborough, G.P. Geurtsen, and M. Rothschild, Nonlinear Bleaching, Absorption, and Scattering of 532-nm-Irradiated Plasmonic Nanoparticles, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 113, issue 5, pp. 053107-053107-10, February 2013.

V. Liberman, R. Adato, T.H. Jeys, B.G. Saar, S. Erramilli, and H. Altug, Rational Design and Optimization of Plasmonic Nanoarrays For Surface Enhanced Infrared Spectroscopy, Optics Express, vol. 20, p. 11953, 2012.

V. Liberman, R. Adato, A. Mertiri, A.A. Yanik, C. Kai, T.H. Jeys, S. Erramilli, and H. Altug, Angle-And Polarization-Dependent Collective Excitation of Plasmonic Nanoarrays for Surface Enhanced Infrared Spectroscopy, Optics Express, vol. 19, 11202, 2011.

V. Liberman, M. Rothschild, O. Bakr, and F. Stellacci, Optical Limiting With Complex Plasmonic Nanoparticles, Journal of Optics, vol. 12, 065001, 2010.

V. Liberman, C. Yilmaz, T. Bloomstein, S. Somu, Y. Echegoyen, A. Busnaina, and M. Rothschild, A Nanoparticle Convective Directed Assembly Process for The Fabrication of Periodic Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Substrates, Advanced Materials, vol. 22, 4298, 2010.

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Microfluidics

Shaun Berry, Shawn Redmond, Paul Robinson, Todd Thorsen, Mordechai Rothschild, and Edward S. Boyden, Fluidic microoptics with adjustable focusing and beam steering for single cell optogenetics, Optics Express, vol. 25, no. 14, July 2017.

David S Kong, Todd A Thorsen, Jonathan Babb, Scott T Wick, Jeremy J Gam, Ron Weiss & Peter A Carr, Open-source, community-driven microfluidics with Metafluidics, Nature Biotechnology, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 523-529, June 2017.

Jakub Kedzierski, Kevin Meng, Todd Thorsen, Rafmag Cabrera, and Shaun Berry, Microhydraulic Electrowetting Actuators, Journal of Microelectromechnical Systems, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 394-400, 2016.

Vladimir Liberman, Kimberly Hamad-Schifferli, Todd A. Thorsen, Scott T. Wick and Peter A. Carr, In situ microfluidic SERS assay for monitoring enzymatic breakdown of organophosphates, Nanoscale 7, pp. 11013-11023, 2015.

S. Kumar, M.A. Cartas-Alaya, and T. Thorsen, Thermal Modeling and Design Analysis of a Continuous Flow Microfluidic Chip, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol. 67, pp. 72-96, May 2013.

S. Berry, J. Stewart, T. Thorsen, and I. Guha, Development of Adaptive Liquid Microlenses and Microlens Arrays, Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 8816, 861610, 2013.

S. Berry, T. Fedynyshyn, L. Parameswaran, and A. Cabral, Switchable Electrowetting of Droplets on Dual-Scale Structured Surfaces, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 06F801-1-9, 2012.

S. Berry, T. Fedynyshyn, L. Parameswaran, and A. Cabral, Reversible Electrowetting on Dual-Scale-Patterned Corrugated Microstructured Surfaces, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, vol. 21, issue 5, pp. 1261-1271, October 2012.

C.C. Huang, M. Bazant, and T. Thorsen, Ultrafast High-Pressure AC Electro-Osmotic Pumps For Portable Biomedical Microfluidics, Lab on a Chip, 10, 80, 2010.

J. Kedzierski, S. Berry, B. and Abedian, New Generation of Digital Microfluidic Devices, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, vol. 18, issue 4, pp. 845-851, 2009.

S. Berry, S. and J. Kedzierski, New Methods to Transport Fluids in Micro-Sized Devices, MIT Lincoln Laboratory Journal, vol. 17, no. 2, 2008.

S. Berry, J. Kedzierski, and B. Abedian, Irreversible Electrowetting on Thin Fluoropolymer Films, Langmuir, 23, pp. 12429-12435, 2007.

S. Berry, J. Kedzierski, and B. Abedian, Low Voltage Electrowetting Using Thin Fluoropolymer Films, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 303, 517, 2006.

J. Kedzierski, and S. Berry, Engineering the Electrocapillary Behavior of Electrolyte Droplets on Thin Fluoropolymer Films, Langmuir, 22, 5690, 2006.

J.P. Urbanski, W. Thies, C. Rhodes, S. Amarasinghe, and T. Thorsen, Digital Microfluidics Using Soft Lithography, Lab on a Chip, 6, 96, 2006.

S. Berry, R. Hyers, L. Racz, and B. Abedian, Surface Oscillations of an Electromagnetically Levitated Droplet, International Journal of Thermophysics, vol. 26, no. 5, pp 1565-1581.

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Microdevices and Microsystems

T. Thorsen, I. Weaver, E. Holihan, R. Cabrera and R. Sarpeshkar, Flexible Glucose Sensors and Fuel Cells for Bioelectronic Implants, IEEE, 978-1-5090-6389-5/17, pp. 619-622, 2017.

Areen Banerjee, Isaac Weaver, Todd Thorsen & Rahul Sarpeshkar, Bioelectronic measurement and feedback control of molecules in living cells, Scientific Reports, 7: 12511 DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-12655-2, October 2017.

V. Carias, J. Thompson, P.M. Myers, P. Kumar, L. M. Racz, R. Toomey, J. Wang, Development of Mold Compounds with Ultralow Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and High Glass Transition Temperature for Fan-Out Wafer Level Packaging (FOWLP), IEEE Trans. Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology, vol. 5, issue 7, p. 921, July, 2015.

S.A. Vitale, P.M. Gouker, Gadolinium oxide coated fully depleted silicon on insulator transistors for thermal neutron dosimetry, Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research A, 721:45, 2013.

S.A. Vitale, S. Berry, Etching Selectivity of Indium Tin Oxide to Photoresist in High Density Chlorine- and Ethylene-Containing Plasmas, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 31:021210, 2013.

B. Smith, P. Kwok, J. Thompson, A. Mueller, L.M. Racz, Thermal and Mechanical Considerations for a Silicon-Resin High Density (HDI) Substrate, IEEE Trans. Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology, vol. 2, issue 7, p. 1092, July 2012.

S.A. Vitale, P.W. Wyatt, N. Checka, J. Kedzierski, and C.L. Keast, FDSOI Process Technology for Subthreshold-Operation Ultra-Low-Power Electronics, ECS Transactions 35(5):179, 2011.

S. Vitale, J. Kedzierski, P. Healey, P. Wyatt, and C. Keast, Work-Function-Tuned TiN Metal Gate FDSOI Transistors for Subthreshold Operation, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 58, issue 2, pp. 419-426, 2011.

S.A. Vitale, P.W. Wyatt, N. Checka, J. Kedzierski, and C.L. Keast, FDSOI Process Technology for Subthreshold-Operation Ultra-Low-Power Electronics, Proceedings of the IEEE, 98(2):333, 2010.

J. Thompson, G. Tepolt, L. Racz, C.B. Rogers, V.P. Manno, R.D. White, A Multistep Process for Thinning Individual Die to Sub-35 µm Thickness, J. Microelectronics and Electronics Packaging, vol. 7, no. 4, p.189., Oct. 2010.

B. Smith, P. Kwok, J. Thompson, A. Mueller, L.M. Racz, Demonstration of a Novel Hybrid Silicon-Resin High Density Interconnect Substrate, Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), Proc. 60th, p.816., 1-4 June 2010. Winner of Best Paper in Session award

S.A. Vitale, J. Kedzierski, and C.L. Keast, High Density Plasma Etching of Titanium Nitride Metal Gate Electrodes for FDSOI Subthreshold Transistor Integration, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, 27(6): 2472, 2009.

J. Kedzierski, P-L. Hsu, A. Reina, J. Kong, P. Healey, P. Wyatt, and C. Keast, Graphene On Insulator Transistors Made using C on Ni Chemical Vapor Deposition, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 30, issue 7, pp. 745-747, 2009.

J. Kedzierski, P.-L. Hsu, P. Wyatt, P. Healey, C. Keast, W. de Heer, and C. Berger, Epitaxial Graphene Transistors on SiC Substrates, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 55, issue 8, pp. 2078-2085, 2008.

M. Ieong, B. Doris, J. Kedzierski, K. Rim, and M. Yang, Silicon Device Scaling to the Sub-10-nm Regime, Science, vol. 306, no. 5704, pp. 2057-2060, 2004.

G. Lecarpentier, L. Racz, Device-Level Packaging for Optical Integration Challenges of High-Accuracy Bonding, Advanced Packaging vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 17, 2003.

J. Kedzierski, E. Nowak, T. Kanarsky, Y. Zhang, D. Boyd, R. Carruthers, C. Cabral, R. Amos, C. Lavoie, R. Roy, J. Newbury, E. Sullivan, J. Benedict, P. Saunders, K. Wong, D. Canaperi, M. Krishnan, K.-L. Lee, B.A. Rainey, D. Fried, P. Cottrell, H.-S.P. Wong, M. Ieong, and W. Haensch, Metal-Gate FinFET And Fully-Depleted SOI Devices Using Total Gate Silicidation, International Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 247-250, 2002.

D. Hisamoto, W.-C. Lee, J. Kedzierski, E. Anderson, T.-J. King, J. Bokor, and C. Hu, FinFET — A Self Aligned Double Gate MOSFET Scalable to 20 nm, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 2320-2325, December 2000.

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Lithography

Melissa A. Smith, Steven A. Vitale, Theodore H. Fedynyshyn, Matthew T. Cook, Joel Maldonado, Dmitri Shapiro, and Mordechai Rothschild, High-resolution, High-throughput, CMOS-compatible Electron Beam Patterning, Proc. SPIE, vol. 10146, pp. 101461H-1-10, 2017

M. Rothschild, A Roadmap for Optical Lithography, Optics & Photonics News, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 26-31, 2010.

R.P. Kingsborough, R.B. Goodman, K. Krohn, and T.H. Fedynyshyn, Lithographically Directed Surface Modification, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, vol. 27, issue 6, pp. 3031-3037, 2009.

T.H. Fedynyshyn, R.B. Goodman, and J. Roberts, Polymer Matrix Effects on Acid Generation, Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 6923, 692319, 2008.

V. Liberman, S.T. Palmacci, and A. Grenville, Impact of Photoacid Generator Leaching on Optics Photocontamination in 193-nm Immersion Lithography, Journal of Microlithography, Microfabrication, and Microsystems, vol. 6, issue 1, 2007.

T.H. Fedynyshyn, I. Pottebaum, D.K. Astolfi, A. Cabral, J. Roberts, and R. Meagley, Contribution of Photoacid Generator to Material Roughness, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, vol. 24, issue 6, 3031, 2006.

T. Bloomstein, T. Fedynyshyn, I. Pottebaum, M. Marchant, S. Deneault, and M. Rothschild, Immersion Patterning Down to 27 nm Half Pitch, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures, vol. 24, issue 6, pp. 2789-2797, 2006.

V. Liberman, J.H.C. Sedlacek, T.H. Fedynyshyn, R.B. Goodman, M. Rothschild, and R. Sinta, Nanocomposite Approaches Toward Pellicles for 157-nm Lithography, Journal of Microlithography, Microfabrication, and Microsystems, vol. 4, issue 1, 2005.

R.R. Kunz, Photoresist Outgassing: A Potential Achilles Heel for Short Wavelength Optical Lithography? Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 5376, pp. 1-15, 2004.

V. Liberman, M. Rothschild, N.N. Efremow, S.T. Palmacci, J.H.C. Sedlacek, A. Grenville, and K. Orvek, Marathon Evaluation of Optical Materials for 157-nm Lithography, Journal of Microlithography, Microfabrication, and Microsystems, vol. 2, issue 1, 2003.

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